Guide to Type Ratings

Guide to Type Ratings in 2024

Type ratings are a critical yet often underestimated part of a pilot’s career journey. They represent a substantial financial investment and significant training effort, but they ultimately become one of a pilot’s most valuable qualifications. This updated guide covers everything you need to know about type ratings in 2024, from what they are to their costs, requirements, and long-term career implications.

What is a Type Rating?

A type rating is a qualification that authorizes a pilot to operate a specific aircraft type that has unique handling characteristics or complex systems not covered by a general pilot licence such as a Private Pilot Licence (PPL) or Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL). The requirement for a type rating ensures pilots receive specialized training for aircraft beyond basic licencing thresholds.

Regulatory authorities such as the UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) determine which aircraft require a type rating. For example, most single-engine aircraft under 5,700 kg (12,500 lbs) do not require a specific type rating and are instead covered by a class rating.

Requirements for Undertaking a Type Rating

To qualify for a type rating, pilots must meet specific regulatory requirements. Below are the general prerequisites, but always refer to the governing body (e.g., CAA, EASA, FAA) for exact details:

Licencing Requirements:

• Hold at least a Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL) or an Airline Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL).
• Possess a valid Multi-Engine Instrument Rating (IR).

Flight Experience:

• Have a minimum of 70 hours as Pilot in Command (PIC) on aeroplanes.
• Pass the 14 ATPL theoretical exams if you are an ab-initio pilot.

Multi-Crew Training:

• Hold a Multi-Crew Cooperation (MCC) Certificate or have at least 500 hours on multi-pilot aircraft.

Medical Certificate:

• Hold a valid Class 1 Medical Certificate.

Training School:

• Complete training at an Approved Training Organisation (ATO). Ensure the school is approved by the regulatory authority governing your licence.

What Does a Type Rating Involve?

A type rating consists of two main phases:

1. Technical Training

This phase focuses on the aircraft’s systems, performance, and operational procedures. It typically lasts two to three weeks and involves:

• Computer-Based Training (CBT): Self-paced modules covering avionics, hydraulics, engines, and other systems.
• Classroom Instruction: Detailed sessions with instructors to clarify complex topics.
• Knowledge Tests: A final technical exam with 100+ multiple-choice questions assessing mastery of the material.

2. Simulator Training

The simulator phase provides hands-on experience operating the aircraft in a realistic, controlled environment. Key elements include:

• Simulator Sessions: Typically 10 sessions lasting four hours each, totaling 40 hours.
• Crew Training: For multi-crew aircraft, pilots train in pairs to develop teamwork and communication.
• Licence Skills Test (LST): A four-hour exam in the simulator assessing the pilot’s ability to handle normal and emergency operations.

Base Training: Taking Flight for the First Time

For ab-initio pilots, the final step of type rating training is base training, which involves completing six take-offs and six landings in the actual aircraft. These flights are conducted without passengers or cargo, focusing solely on pilot training. Base training is a memorable milestone for many pilots as it marks their first time flying a commercial aircraft.

What is ZFTT (Zero Flight Time Training)?

Experienced pilots with at least 500 hours of multi-crew experience or 100 sectors flown may qualify for Zero Flight Time Training (ZFTT). This allows pilots to complete their six take-offs and landings in a simulator rather than in the actual aircraft. ZFTT is common for pilots transitioning between aircraft types within the same airline.

Line Training: Final Steps to Full Qualification

After completing the type rating, pilots undergo line training with an airline. This involves flying revenue-generating routes under the supervision of a line training captain. Key details include:

• Duration: Typically 40 sectors but may be longer depending on the airline.
• Progression: Early flights may include a third safety pilot.
• Line Check: A final evaluation by a senior captain to ensure readiness for independent operations.

How Much Does a Type Rating Cost in 2024?

Type ratings are one of the most significant expenses in a pilot’s career. Costs vary depending on the aircraft type and training provider:

• Airbus or Boeing Type: £20,000–£40,000 for initial training.
• Smaller Aircraft: Business jet type ratings may be less expensive.

Who Pays for the Type Rating?

The financial responsibility for a type rating varies by airline and career stage:

• Self-Funded: New pilots often pay for their initial type rating, especially when starting their careers.
• Bonded Type Ratings: Some airlines offer bonded programs where they cover the training cost, but the pilot is required to stay with the airline for a set period (e.g., 3–5 years). If the pilot leaves early, they must repay a prorated portion of the cost.
• Employer-Funded: Airlines typically cover type rating costs for pilots transitioning to new aircraft within the same company.

Maintaining a Type Rating

A type rating is not permanent and must be kept current through regular checks:

Licence Proficiency Check (LPC):

• Conducted annually to ensure pilots maintain competency on the aircraft type.

Operator Proficiency Check (OPC):

• Performed every six months and includes handling emergencies and abnormal situations.

Failure to complete these checks results in the type rating becoming inactive. If you require an LPC aviation insider offers them on multiple aircraft. Find out more here

We provide type rating question banks for 15 different aircraft, perfect for refreshing and maintaining your knowledge!

Read our blog on What is an LPC OPC LOE

Top Training Providers for Type Ratings

Several world-class organisations offer type rating training for a variety of aircraft:

• CAE: A global leader in aviation training with centres worldwide.
• FlightSafety International: Renowned for business and commercial aviation training.
• Airbus Training Centre: Official training provider for Airbus aircraft.
• Boeing Training Services: Specializes in Boeing aircraft type ratings.

Key Takeaways

1. Essential for Career Advancement: A type rating is crucial for flying advanced aircraft and progressing in your aviation career.
2. Significant Investment: Costs can range from £20,000 to £40,000, making it one of the most expensive aspects of becoming a pilot.
3. Ongoing Commitment: Maintaining a type rating requires regular simulator checks and proficiency exams.
4. Career Opportunities: A type rating opens doors to flying for major airlines and operating some of the most advanced aircraft in the world.

A type rating is a significant milestone in every pilot’s career, transforming their licence into a tool for operating specific, complex aircraft. By understanding the costs, training process, and long-term commitments, pilots can better prepare for this critical step.